Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgements I very much appreciate the generous assistance and advice of Christine Hiskey as well as the comments of Dr Suzanne Reynolds, respectively the Holkham Archivist and Manuscript Curator. Notes Sir Thomas Robinson to Lord Carlisle, 1731, quoted in, J. Lees-Milne, Earls of Creation: Five Great Patrons of Eighteenth-Century Art (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1962), p. 246. J. Hardy, in, L. Schmidt, C. Keller, P. Feversham, eds, Holkham (Munich, Prestel, 2005), pp. 138–139, 153. Horace Walpole, quoted in, R. Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, Penguin, 1991), p. 17. W. Albert, The Turnpike Road System in England, 1663–1840 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1972), pp. 44, 55; C. W. James, ‘Chief Justice Coke, His Family & Descendents at Holkham’, Country Life (London, 1929), p. 132. John Buxton, letter to Robert Buxton, 18th November, 1729, in, A. Mackley, ed., John Buxton Norfolk Gentleman and Architect: Letters to his son 1717–1729 (Norwich, Norfolk Record Society, 2005), p. 164. As the earlier map refers to Thomas Coke as Earl of Leicester, it must have been drawn between 1744 and his death in 1759. William Kent, ‘Italian diary of 1714–1715’, unpublished, Bodleian Library, Oxford; E. Jarrett, ‘Account of Thomas Coke's Grand Tour’, unpublished ms, Bodleian Library, Oxford. Sir John Soane, in, D. Watkin, Sir John Soane: Enlightenment Thought and the Royal Academy Lectures (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 642, 608. Ibid., pp. 643, 548. Humphry Repton, quoted in, T. Williamson, The Archaeology of the Landscape Park: Garden Design in Norfolk, England, c. 1680–1840 (Oxford, Archaeopress, 1998), p. 8. Mrs Delany, quoted in C. W. James, op. cit., p. 295. Holkham's library includes several printed editions and manuscripts of Virgil's Georgics in Latin and in translation. R.A.C. Parker, Coke of Norfolk, A Financial and Agricultural Study, 1707–1842 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 43–45; Susanna Wade Martins, Coke of Norfolk (1754–1842): A Biography (Woodbridge, The Boydell Press, 2009), p. 84. Holkham's library has a fourth, 1706, edition of Sylva with binding that suggests it was acquired between 1744 and 1759 or rebound at that time. John Evelyn, Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions (London, Royal Society, 1664), pp. 112–120. C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley, CA., University of California Press, 1967), p. 485. R.A.C. Parker, op. cit., pp. 21–22. Coke was knighted in 1725 and became Baron Lovell of Minster Lovell in 1728. J. Barrell, The Dark Side of the Landscape: The Rural Poor in English Painting 1730–1840 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 36–37. Refer also to D. Chambers, The Planters of the English Landscape Garden: Botany, Trees and the Georgics (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 7–8. Holkham Accounts, quoted in T. Williamson, op. cit., p. 63. Coke, letter to Lord Burlington, 30th December, 1736, quoted in J. Lees-Milne, op. cit., p. 245. C. Hiskey, ‘The Building of Holkham Hall: Newly Discovered Letters’, Architectural History, 40 (1997), p. 146. R.A.C. Parker, op. cit., pp. 12–23, 36. Coke, letter to Matthew Brettingham Sr, 1734, quoted in C. Hiskey, op. cit., p. 148; Coke, ‘An Epistle from Ld. Lovell to Lord Chesterfield at Bath, Wrote by Mr. Poulteney’, quoted in C. James, op. cit., pp. 230–231. Although the second edition is dated 1714, it actually appeared in 1715. J. D. Hunt, Greater Perfections: The Practice of Garden Theory (London, Thames and Hudson, 2000), pp. 32–33. A. A. Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury, Characteristicks of Men, Manner, Opinions, Times, vol. 2 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1999), pp. 94–101. D. Leatherbarrow, ‘Character, Geometry and Perspective: The Third Earl of Shaftesbury's Principles of Garden Design’, Journal of Garden History, 4/4 (1984), p. 353. J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding, ed., P. H. Nidditch (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1975), bk. 1, ch. 1, p. 46; bk. 2, ch. 2, pp. 119–121. C. Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 265. Pliny, ‘Letter To Gallus’, translated in, R. Castell, The Villas of the Ancients Illustrated (London, Robert Castell, 1728), pp. 1–15. Coke did not acquire Castell's book but the Holkham Library includes at least two printed versions and one manuscript of Pliny's letter: R. Castell, op. cit., pp. 116–117. Michael Newton, quoted in L. Schmidt, C. Keller, P. Feversham, op. cit., pp. 88–89; refer also to M. de Soissons, The Holkham People (King's Lynn, Woodthorpe Publishing, 1997), p. 25. The chapter ‘Of the Association of Ideas’ appears in the fourth edition, 1700, although it was written somewhat earlier: J. Locke, op. cit., bk. 2, ch. 1, p. 105; bk. 2, ch. 33, pp. 394–401. W. Kent, 30th January, 1720, quoted in, J. D. Hunt, William Kent: Landscape Garden Designer (London, Zwemmer, 1987), p. 51. Coffin also mentions the Gothic profile of the Triumphal Arch on a distant ridge. The Praeneste Terrace was named after a Roman town. D. Coffin, ‘The Elysian Fields of Rousham’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 130 (1986), p. 419. Ibid., pp. 419–420; Coke, letter to Matthew Brettingham Sr, 1734, op. cit., p. 148; W.O. Hassall, ‘The Temple at Holkham, Norfolk’, Country Life, 3715, p. 1310; J. Lees-Milne, op. cit., p. 246. C. M. Sicca, ‘On William Kent's Roman Sources’, Architectural History, 29 (1986), p. 134. Coke, letter to Matthew Brettingham Sr, 1734, op. cit., p. 147. J. Villiers, quoted in, J. Black, The British Abroad: The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century (London, Sandpiper, 1999), p. 294. J. Lees-Milne, op. cit., p. 252. W. O. Hassall, ‘Views from the Holkham Windows’, in, F. Emmison, R. Stephens, eds, Tribute to an Antiquary: Essays presented to Marc Fitch by some of his friends (London, Leopard's Head Press, 1976), p. 310; T. Williamson, op. cit., p. 66. M. Brettingham Jr, The Plans, Elevations and Sections of Holkham in Norfolk, The Seat of the late Earl of Leicester (London, T. Spilsbury, B. White and S. Leacroft, 1773), p. 7. F.C. von Hardenberg, quoted in L. Schmidt, C. Keller, P. Feversham, op. cit., p. 110. M. Brettingham Jr, 1773, op. cit., p. 7; J. Hardy, in L. Schmidt, C. Keller, P. Feversham, op. cit., p. 155. Mary and her husband, William of Orange, replaced her father, James II, in 1688, affirming Parliamentary power and Protestantism. H. Home, Lord Kames, Elements of Criticism, vol. 2 (Dublin, Sarah Cotter, 1762), p. 333; T. Whately, Observations on Modern Gardening, Illustrated by Descriptions (London, T. Payne, 1771; first published in 1770), p. 131. A. Janowitz, England's Ruins: Poetic Purpose and the National Landscape (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1990), p. 5. T. Whately, op. cit., p. 154. M. Brettingham Jr, The Plans, Elevations and Sections of Holkham in Norfolk, The Seat of the late Earl of Leicester (London, J. Haberkorn, 1761), p. 27. M. Brettingham Jr, 1773, op. cit., p. viii; C. W. James, op. cit., p. 267. H. Repton's Holkham ‘Red Book’, 1789, includes a proposal for ‘a Room … reserved for a sea view’, probably converted from Kent's North Lodge. Repton, quoted by T. Williamson, in L. Schmidt, C. Keller and P. Feversham, op. cit., p. 68. R. A. C. Parker, op. cit., p. 13; M. de Soissons, op. cit., p. 19; J.A. Steers, ‘The Physical Features of Scolt Head Island and Blakeney Point’, in, J. A. Steers, ed., Blakeney Point and Scolt Head Island (Norfolk, The National Trust, 1976), p. 14; J.A. Steers, ‘Physiography and Evolution’, in, J. A. Steers, ed., Scolt Head Island (Cambridge, W. Heffer & Sons Ltd., 1960), p. 52; A.M.W. Stirling, Coke of Norfolk and his Friends, vol. 1 (London, John Lane The Bodley Head, 1908), p. 16; S. Wade Martins, op. cit., pp. 93–94. In addition to Rosa's paintings, early evocations of sublime nature include Thomas Burnet's Telluris Theoria Sacra (‘The Sacred Theory of the Earth’), 1681–1689 and Joseph Addison's ‘The Pleasures of the Imagination’, 1712 (first published as a series in The Spectator), which Coke acquired for his library. Included in Holkham's Library, the binding suggests that it was acquired between 1718 and 1728: D. Defoe, An Historical Narrative of the Great and Tremendous Storm, Which Happened on Nov. 26 th , 1703 (London, W. Nicoll, 1769; first published in 1704), pp. 49–50. E. Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, ed., J.T. Boulton (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958), pp. 39–40. D. P. Mortlock, Holkham Library: A History and Description (The Roxburghe Club, 2006; printed for members), p. 82. T. Coke, ‘An Account of a Meteor Seen near Holkam in Norfolk, Aug 1741. Transmitted to the Royal Society by the Right Honble Thomas Lord Lovell, F.R.S.’, Philosophical Transactions, 42 (1742–1743), pp. 183–184. F. Bacon, Sylva Sylvarum: or A Natural History, in Ten Centuries (London, Thomas Lee, 1676; first published in 1627), pp. 107–110, 171–175, 187. Sir Isaac Newton, Opticks (New York, Dover, 1979; first published in 1704), pp. 379–380; refer also to Vladimir Jankovic, Reading the Skies: A Cultural History of English Weather, 1650–1820 (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 28. The term ‘landskip’ refers to a picture of the land not the land itself; T. Whately, op. cit., p. 1. Ibid., p. 147. Charles Baudelaire, ‘What is Romanticism’, in, Charles Baudelaire, Selected Writings on Art and Artists, trs., P. E. Charvet (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1972), p. 53. A. Wiedman, Romantic Art Theories (Henley-on-Thames, Gresham Books, 1986), p. 11. R. Holmes, The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science (London, Harper Press, 2009), pp. xvi–xvii. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Author as Producer’, in Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings, ed., P. Demetz, trs., E. Jephcott (New York, Schocken Books, 1978), p. 230; W. Benjamin, ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Production’, in Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, ed., H. Arendt, trs., H. Zohn (New York, Schocken Books, 1969), p. 240–241; J. Crary, Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass. and London, The MIT Press, 1990), p. 143, n. 15; J-F. Lyotard, ‘The Sublime and the Avant-Garde’, in A. Benjamin, ed., The Lyotard Reader (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989), pp. 198–206.